Cognitive Modes Detectable with Task-Based fMRI
Poster No:
1808
Submission Type:
Abstract Submission
Authors:
Chantal Percival1, Todd Woodward1
Institutions:
1University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
First Author:
Co-Author:
Introduction:
In the context of task-based fMRI, cognitive modes can be defined as task-general cognitive/sensory/motor processes which reliably elicit specific BOLD anatomical pattern configurations (Percival et al., 2024; Percival & Woodward, Eds, in preparation). In contrast to traditional coordinate-based methodology, these modes are distinguished by specific and replicable anatomical patterns (Figure 1). By studying task-induced BOLD changes across a range of tasks and conditions, the task-general cognitive processes associated with these anatomical patterns can be determined.
·Figure 1. Cognitive Mode Anatomical Patterns.
Methods:
Task-based brain networks were acquired through constrained principal component analysis for fMRI (fMRI-CPCA) (Metzak et al., 2011). fMRI-CPCA produces both component loadings (anatomical patterns) and component scores that are transformed into predictor weights (task-induced BOLD changes).
12 cognitive modes were identified by distinct and uniform anatomical activity patterns. Template images were created by averaging several fMRI-CPCA images demonstrated to be excellent anatomical examples of the mode (Percival et al., 2024; Percival & Woodward, Eds, in preparation). A MATLAB-based algorithm was developed to classify any brain image into these cognitive mode templates, producing a classification Z-score, reflecting how well its activity pattern matches the mode templates across respective anatomical patterns. 321 components, or whole-brain network images, from 74 fMRI-CPCA analyses with different combinations of 27 tasks were matched to the 12 templates, and task-based BOLD changes were analyzed with RM-ANOVAs of predictor weights (Figure 2).
Following anatomical classification, temporal patterns of associated BOLD changes were analyzed with RM-ANOVAs of predictor weights.
12 cognitive modes were identified by distinct and uniform anatomical activity patterns. Template images were created by averaging several fMRI-CPCA images demonstrated to be excellent anatomical examples of the mode (Percival et al., 2024; Percival & Woodward, Eds, in preparation). A MATLAB-based algorithm was developed to classify any brain image into these cognitive mode templates, producing a classification Z-score, reflecting how well its activity pattern matches the mode templates across respective anatomical patterns. 321 components, or whole-brain network images, from 74 fMRI-CPCA analyses with different combinations of 27 tasks were matched to the 12 templates, and task-based BOLD changes were analyzed with RM-ANOVAs of predictor weights (Figure 2).
Following anatomical classification, temporal patterns of associated BOLD changes were analyzed with RM-ANOVAs of predictor weights.
·Methods Overview.
Results:
The 12 cognitive modes can be grouped into 5 sub-categories: Internal, Visual, Auditory, Response, and Deactivations.
Internal: The Language (LAN) mode activated when visual linguistic processing was required, such as lexical decision or semantic association (Zeng et al., 2024). The Maintaining Internal Attention (MAIN) mode is elicited during tasks requiring internal attention, such as working memory and imagining the future (Momeni et al., 2024). The Re-Evaluation mode is activated when evaluating, re-considering, or regulating mental states (Redway et al., 2024).
Visual: The Initiation mode demonstrates activity when restarting cognitive processes involving visual stimuli after brief, undemanding periods. The Multiple Demand mode demonstrates activity when devoting attention to individual parts of a complex task, and suppression during internal attention (Wang et al., 2024). The Focus on Visual Features mode is activated during tasks requiring attention to visual details and suppressed when visual details detract from task performance (Percival et al., 2024).
Auditory: Auditory Perception displays activation when perceiving auditory information (Mascarenhas et al., 2024). The Auditory Attention for Response mode demonstrates activation when attending to auditory stimuli with the intention of responding, and suppression when attending to visual stimuli (Jian et al., 2024).
Response: The One- or Two-Handed Response modes are activated during motor responses (Percival et al., 2024).
Deactivations: The Default Mode Networks A and B increase activity during self-reflective thought and are otherwise deactivated in other tasks (Percival et al., 2024).
Internal: The Language (LAN) mode activated when visual linguistic processing was required, such as lexical decision or semantic association (Zeng et al., 2024). The Maintaining Internal Attention (MAIN) mode is elicited during tasks requiring internal attention, such as working memory and imagining the future (Momeni et al., 2024). The Re-Evaluation mode is activated when evaluating, re-considering, or regulating mental states (Redway et al., 2024).
Visual: The Initiation mode demonstrates activity when restarting cognitive processes involving visual stimuli after brief, undemanding periods. The Multiple Demand mode demonstrates activity when devoting attention to individual parts of a complex task, and suppression during internal attention (Wang et al., 2024). The Focus on Visual Features mode is activated during tasks requiring attention to visual details and suppressed when visual details detract from task performance (Percival et al., 2024).
Auditory: Auditory Perception displays activation when perceiving auditory information (Mascarenhas et al., 2024). The Auditory Attention for Response mode demonstrates activation when attending to auditory stimuli with the intention of responding, and suppression when attending to visual stimuli (Jian et al., 2024).
Response: The One- or Two-Handed Response modes are activated during motor responses (Percival et al., 2024).
Deactivations: The Default Mode Networks A and B increase activity during self-reflective thought and are otherwise deactivated in other tasks (Percival et al., 2024).
Conclusions:
Task-induced BOLD signal changes appear to reliably arrange into a relatively small set of anatomical patterns - the cognitive modes – and interpretation of task-induced BOLD signal changes across a wide range of tasks and conditions converge on the mode-specific cognitive processes. All evidence for these cognitive modes, the methodology used to identify them, interpretation of the task-based BOLD changes, and applications, will be presented in the form of an edited book in 2025 (Percival & Woodward, Eds, in preparation).
Modeling and Analysis Methods:
Activation (eg. BOLD task-fMRI) 2
Connectivity (eg. functional, effective, structural)
fMRI Connectivity and Network Modeling
Multivariate Approaches
Neuroinformatics and Data Sharing:
Brain Atlases 1
Keywords:
Cognition
Data analysis
FUNCTIONAL MRI
Language
Memory
Multivariate
Somatosensory
Statistical Methods
Other - Task-based fMRI
1|2Indicates the priority used for review
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2. Mascarenhas, M., Wan, C. H., Sinha, A., & Woodward, T. S. (2024, October 17). Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Auditory Perception (AUD). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/k8bpf
3. Metzak, P. D., Feredoes, E., Takane, Y., Wang, L., Weinstein, S., Cairo, T., Ngan, E. T. C., & Woodward, T. S. (2011). Constrained principal component analysis reveals functionally connected load-dependent networks involved in multiple stages of working memory. Human Brain Mapping, 32(6), 856–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21072
4. Momeni, A., Evora, M., & Woodward, T. S. (2024, October 18). Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Maintaining Internal Attention (MAIN). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mj52a
5. Percival, C. M., Chen, L. V., Zahid, H. B., & Woodward, T. S. (2024). Cognitive modes detectable with task-based fMRI. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.13328819
6. Redway, S., Arreaza, L., Shahki, J., Zeng, E., Tsang, J., & Woodward, T. S. (2024, June 27). Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Re-Evaluation (RE-EV). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y7pv2
7. Wang, Z., Shahki, J., Jian, L., & Woodward, T. S. (2024, October 17). Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Multiple Demand (MD). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f8jc2
8. Zeng, E., Shahki, J., & Woodward, T. S. (2024, May 28). Cognitive Mode Detectable with Task-Based fMRI: Language (LAN). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/c83d7
9. Percival, C. & Woodward, T. S. (Eds). Cognitive Modes Detectable with Task-Based fMRI. (in preparation).