Neurochemical (GABA and Glu), Cognitive Dynamics and Myelination in Cognitive Flexibility

Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 

Cognitive flexibility (CF) is critical for adapting learned behaviours, with the Right-DLPFC (rDLPFC) playing a pivotal role in non-verbal CF, and managing the exploration-exploitation decision-making under uncertainty [1,2]. This flexibility is supported by a dynamic neuronal excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance, mainly mediated by Glu and GABA, respectively. Research indicates that higher GABA in PFC correlated with enhanced learning performance [3], while elevated Glu in ACC associated with improved adaptive learning and flexibility [4]. An optimal Glu/GABA ratio ensures that excitatory signals effectively encode new information, suppressing irrelevant inputs [5]. From structural perspective, myelination and E/I balance contribute to improved structural and functional coupling [6], facilitating synchronized neural activity crucial for complex cognitive tasks and coordination [7].

This study investigates effects of structure learning (SL) training on neuronal and microstructural brain changes and their association with cognitive measures. We hypothesize positive modulation of E/I balance in rDLPFC, associated with enhanced myelination. Furthermore, we anticipate that these modulations will correlate with improvements in cognitive performance.